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the fish species to be used in the geothermal system. Protein, fat and energy needs of fish

according to different diets also differ.

5.3. Raw Materials of Fish Feeding

The most important raw material of fish feeds is fish meal. Fish meal obtained from fish with
low economic value such as sprat, anchovy and herring is an expensive and important feed

raw material that has not yet been matched due to its high protein content and essential
nutrients. Fishmeal, whose protein content may vary depending on the type of fish from

which the fish meal is obtained, the time of fishing, cold chain conditions and processing

methods contains crude protein rate of approximately p.

In addition to fish meal and fish oil raw materials, vegetable feed raw materials such as

soybean meal and corn gluten are also used in fish feeds. Vegetable feed raw materials, which
are a protein source and are formed by turning the pulp or gluten into flour after removing the

oil, can also be used in fish feeds between 0-60% depending on the diet of the fish.

Apart from these feed raw materials, which are a protein source, feed raw materials such as

wheat flour and corn flour, which are energy sources, can also be used between 10-30% in
feeds, depending on the nutritional preference of the fish.

Another important energy source for feed raw material is fish oil. Vegetable oil sources such

as sunflower oil and corn oil can be used as an alternative to fish oil that is obtained by
extracting the oil in oil factories from the widely caught fish such as sprat, anchovy and

herring, which have low economic value. The amount of oil in fish feed may differ according
to the fish species and fish life phase. Especially in breeding fish, high energy is needed

during the breeding period, so fish feeds with high oil content are used.

Apart from these feed raw materials, vitamins and minerals needed by the fish according to
their life phases are met by using 1-2% of vitamin and mineral mixtures in fish feeds.

5.3. Composition of Fish Feed

Protein and energy are the most important nutrients in fish feeds prepared in feed factories

with different rations according to the nutritional needs of the fish. Ammonia, which will be a
nitrate source for plants in the geothermal system, consists of protein in fish feed. Therefore,

it is very important to know the protein amount of the fish feed and to know the nutritional
needs of the fish species that will be used in the geothermal system.

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